In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. For example in Iran the majority identity is Persian-speaking, Shii Muslim. After Saddam was deposed, Iraqi Kurds negotiated the creation of a semi-autonomous region called the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), home to around 5 million Kurds. "Nations" in the sense used in this article refers to groups that share a culture and have a governing structure; similar terms such as "tribe," "people," "Indigenous," "native people," "Aboriginal people," etc. 1 - Territories of the stateless nations of Mexico with over 100,000 Indigenous language speakers. The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. They believe because they have a distinct culture, language, religion (or sect thereof) and have occupied a certain region of land for centuries, they are entitled to that particular piece of land. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Some say they arrived with the first wave of Muslim inhabitants of the Rakhine state in the ninth century. This has led to plenty of attacks and violence throughout Spanish cities. After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. 28 October 2019. A Study Based on the Literature of the Second Jewish Commonwealth", "Is 'Jewish' a Nationality or Religion? We will finish by showing how this fits into the AP Human Geography multiple choice and free response question (FRQ) by showing an example, followed by a summary of this entire page. A "stateless nation" is a nation of people who self-identify as a common national group, but who do not have their own political state. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. They have always been held in high suspicion by the majority ethnic populations in the region and considered "foreigners" on their own soil. None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Civil Wars and Refugee Crises in the Middle East, Part 3. The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . Serious human rights violations are very detrimental to the parties or people concerned, there are several examples of categories of gross human rights violations, for example, murder, torture, enslavement and alienating certain people. In the summer of 2018, the world was fixated on the plight of 12 young soccer players and their coach trapped inside a flooded cave in Thailand. Countries such as Australia and Canada have similar systems. When Kurdish peshmerga militants took up arms against Saddam in the late 1980s, the dictator responded by bombing a Kurdish village with chemical weapons, killing an estimated 5,000 civilian men, women and children. Other Religions: Yazidis and Mandaeans, Part 1. The Kurds are a famous example of a stateless nation; their territory is called "Kurdistan.". For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. Limited recognition by their country's government, but second-class status. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma They are thus stateless nations. In the case of Brazil, many nations, particularly in the Amazon, only learned that such a thing as a "country" existed upon contact with Brazilian outsiders, sometimes in recent decades. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. Therefore, it is crucial to understand stateless nations and how they came about because a significant amount of conflict today in the world comes from stateless nations. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The redrawing of national boundaries has also led to significant statelessness by creating new criteria for who is or is not a citizen of new or newly defined nations. They are thus called stateless nations. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. Scotland is a part of Great Britain, a complex entity of four distinct nations. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. This is also a region of heavy conflict. When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. The Tibetan nation is spread across several countries today; its cultural core area was occupied and annexed by China in the 1950s. [3] [4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied . [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. [16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Regional autonomy in Wales. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. 3 - Kurdistan ("Kurdish-inhabited area") in the 1990s. [4], During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. Unending Struggle? Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. You live in a country where your native language is forbidden in schools and the workplace. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. By most calculations, it is the Kurds. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a long period of time. For a community lacking a government, see, Consequences of colonialism and imperialism, Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. The Stateless Nation: A Future for the Kurds Iran has been playing with fire for a hundred years specifically, Iranian state policy towards the Iranian Kurdish community is a recipe for disaster. A nationless state or a stateless nation. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Their residents found themselves declared to be permanent residents - but not citizens - of Israel. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). Two very critical countries do not: Israel, which considers the whole of Palestine as "occupied territories" within its borders; and the United States, which refuses to recognize Palestinian independence. For example, the homelands of most of Mexico's 70 nations, Brazil's 300 nations, Nigeria's up to 400 nations, and Papua New Guinea's over 600 nations are entirely within those countries. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. They are thus called stateless nations. The first Roma migrated from Northern Indian between the 13th and 15th centuries, and the Romani language still shares many words in common with Hindi. The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. Fig. Nor are most stateless people refugees. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. Probably not, nation states themselves were still a pretty new concept 200 years ago. Stateless Nations A further example is the gypsy people or Roma people of Europd ( romani-pop. Minor Human Rights Violations. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. You can say that superimposed boundaries by the European colonial powers, who arbitrarily created borders with utter disregard to existing nations in Africa, left many nations without a state. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). Kurdish communities are commonly found across Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Iran and Armenia. One example of a multistate nation is the Kurds. You were forced from the land of your ancestors and have to move to a city; or maybe you were put in a "re-education" camp, had to flee the country altogether, or something even more terrible. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. The examples are too numerous to list. Stateless nations experience conditions ranging from autonomy of some type (the "best case" short of independence, which they may or may not desire) to the worst cases of complete landlessness and even having to exist in hiding! The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. The Kurds, a non-Arab Iranian ethnic nation of some 30 to 40 million people in their homeland and diaspora, are one of the most often mentioned stateless nations because they had made multiple, unsuccessful attempts to achieve statehood and have suffered discrimination to the level of genocide in some of the countries they live. In many cases, they were born and raised in a country that denies them citizenship based on ethnic or religious discrimination. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. Palestinians have a long-running conflict with Israel and have also lived as refugees in countries such as Jordan and Egypt. In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? Over 90% of the 3,000 or so ethnic nations in the world are technically stateless under this definition. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. example children with disabilities are 42% less likely to have foundational reading and numeracy skills . Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ from European and global views on national identity. As a result, they feel resentment and act out in violence, and some of the biggest conflict hotbeds in the world are because of stateless nations. Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home(e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong). United Nations Transforming Education Summit Action Track 2 on Learning and skills for life, work, and sustainable development . So, now that you know the definitions of a nation and a state, you can deduce that a stateless nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. Want to create or adapt books like this? Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. The US, for example, is a multinational state, because it contains hundreds of Native American nations. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. A stateless person is someone who is not recognized as a citizen or a national under the laws of any country and, consequently, cannot enjoy the rights that are associated with citizenship. It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. Indigenous groups in Latin America often fall into these categories; they may be protected in theory in state constitutions but suffer substantial discrimination in day-to-day life. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. B. 26 febrero, 2023. The rest are multinational states: their territorial boundaries contain the territories of more than one ethnic nation. (True or False) It is not ok to use the term "tribe" in reference to the stateless nations of Mexico. Which currently stateless nation was once independent? 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