Import substitution is reachable. If the land is sloppy, soil conservation methods must be adopted. United Coconut Associations of the Philippines, Inc. (UCAP. They remain poor among all other actors in the supply chain. Therefore, all of them are important products of international trade. The kernel (copra, coco-water and shell) comprises 65 per cent of total Hybrid Varieties of Coconut Hybrid varieties of Coconuts are crosses between Coconut varieties. Sri Lanka, the This calls for the modernization of coconut production by empowering the farmers and developing the manufacturing sector of the country. /Resources << /XObject 253 0 R /ProcSet 252 0 R /Font << /F1 255 0 R /F2 They are the industrial and commercial parts of the chain who convert primary products into coconut oil used as raw material for other processed products. Traditionally, coir has been processed into a range of Total world productivity has increased substantially from 35 As a result, coconut production has declined over the past decade. Enrich biodiversity and maintain ecological balance. /Length 277 may become feasible, for example, for the production of fibre reinforced materials, # Estimated annual coconut production capacity fibre yield (80-90 Based on these data and combined with the 0000001728 00000 n You have entered an incorrect email address! There is a high risk for those who depend on the coconut industry due to the fluctuating trend of production associated with the dynamic movement of world market prices (Faustino, Citation2006). The fruit may be of variable colors such as yellow, red, green, and orange (Nayar, Citation2017a). Though, during 2nd, 3. The different process will transform the nuts for sale to retailers and consumers. Copra yields range from 1 to 2 tonnes per hectare depending on variety, age of palm, soil fertility, and farming It is suitable in soils with various primary macronutrient contents such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus; secondary macronutrients, including sulfur, calcium, and magnesium; and the micronutrients of boron and chlorine (Kerela Agricultural university Citation2011; Prades et al., Citation2016). Learn how virgin coconut oil is extracted - the process and the many menthods. innovation, manufacturing and sales. The global production, imports and consumption data for coconut oil for the period between 2011-12 to 2021-22 (Estimate) are presented in the following table. Its the same for Gujarat and other northern parts. specific chemical and biological standards of pH, electrical conductivity and for fast printing of coir products to encourage increased demand for coir When Coconut is grown in monoculture it can be an advantage to plant at reasonably high densities for two reasons. The market for activated Coconut tree responds well to summer irrigation i.e. Coconut is one of the important crops in the country. They are; Tall Varieties of Coconut Tall Coconut varieties are West Coast Tall, East Coast Tall, Chandrakalpa, Andaman Ordinary/ VPM-3, Tiptur Tall, Kera Sagara, and Kerachandra. The oxidative stability or shelf life as well as health benefits of virgin coconut oil are better than that of refined coconut oil; mainly due to its higher contents of tocopherols, polyphenols and other bio-active compounds. The total benefit from coconut is higher than the combination of the benefits from oil palm and rubber (Arancon, Citation1997; Javier, Citation2015; Nayar, Citation2017b; Prades et al., Citation2016). Yyb3jEK=?jxano3/YD;9eVBK79,t]f_F"B5|H 'u>ZAb\X 5zp-dnX$qP * Philippine exports: volume and value by major country of destination, 2016. These prices for the last few years are listed in the following table. Coconut oil has a demand for good alternative fuel (coconut methyl ester-biodiesel) jeopardized by the competition among other tropical oils such as palm oil and palm kernel oil. The oil miller produces the crude coconut oil and passes it on to the oil refiner at a price per kg. The following table lists monthly average prices of coconut oil at Rotterdam for the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. /S 964 0000009967 00000 n Also, Coconut requires a bit of water, but not too much during the first few years. The supply chains are characterized by limited information flows to the downstream channel members resulting in high marketing costs. carbon in filter materials, absorbents and similar uses could be increased Due to the performance of coconut in the economy as the major source of income, it is considered as a predictor of the general economic activity of the country. High monsoon areas must plant Coconuts right after the monsoon ends. elemental composition7. chemical industries, atmospheric degradation, global warming, fast-declining Technical information to describe microbial contamination and product Coconut is grown in different soil types such as sandy, loamy, and clayey of good soil structure where air and water can circulate well. Coconuts are planted on the coasts where they are most adaptive to saline conditions and on hillsides where they provide essential ecological services, as the next best substitute for the vegetative cover of the original tropical rain forest. /Rl* Soils, plant growth and crop production, Global competitiveness, benchmarking and best practices for the coconut industry, How Philippines is battling to cash in on coconut craze, The long climb towards achieving the promises of the tree of life: A review of the Philippine coconut levy fund policies, PCA: Davao Region still top coconut producer in PH, Coconut program area research planning and prioritization, Asia-Pacific forestry sector outlook study: Focus on coconut wood. Copyright 2023, AgriFarming | All Rights Reserved. The Crown of the tree must be spherical or semi-spherical. Reduce weed, pest, and disease incidence-Reduction of insect population due to the diversity of crops development and reduction of plant disease because the distance between plants of the same species is increased. 1000 coconuts yield about 140 lit coconut water and about 127 to 182 kg of desiccated coconut. 254 0 obj One MT of copra yields about 610 kg oil and 370 kg copra cake or meal. 0000009239 00000 n the husks are left on the fields as a mulch or used as fertilizer because of The 51 million out of 340 million Philippine coconut trees are old and need to be replaced. /L 1330268 Caribbean And this spacing is enough for accommodating 177 plants per hectare. suitable in a potting mixture. Share of agriculture production, 2016 (value at constant 2000 price). tonnes2. To make HDP a success comes true it is essential for the introduction of new genes for dwarfism. Demand for geotextile products is increasing, but still good market perspectives if they can be produced at an economically competitive The wholesalers and retailers perform the wholesaling and retailing functions. Economies of scale in input supply, primary processing, and marketing are adversely affected by the unorganized and small landholdings (Dy and Reyes, Citation2006; Israel and Briones, Citation2014; PCA, Citation2011). Approximately 36% of the domestic market share of copra is processed into coconut oil and other secondary processed products (Figure 2). Marketing. They are; The high-density planting helps to increase Coconut production and improve quality in the long term. Coconut is very important for the Philippine economy. and its many products. The major product coconut oil, apart from being edible oil used in cooking, also has a wide range of applications in cosmetics, personal care and medical treatment. It is obvious that coconut products contribute a higher market share of the exports from the Philippines. United Coconut Associations of the Philippines. The Coconut palm is an essential component in the homestead system of farming on the west coast of India. In case if you miss this: Contract Farming In India. It is only half of corn, a fifth of rice, and a sixth of sugarcane. Gross domestic product, export competitiveness, and a countrys ability to satisfy the institutional quality requirement positively influence the exports of agricultural products (Bojnec and Fert, Citation2016; Bojnec et al., Citation2014). Copra prices (and those of other oilseeds, oils) fluctuate depending on the supply and demand. Although, coconut oil derived from copra is similar to and competes with palm kernel oil derived from palm kernels, the production of copra is very less as compared to that of palm kernels. Whether eating, buying or cooking, food is an inevitable part of our lives. The saplings must not be drowned in water. The remaining 289 million trees will produce the industrys raw materials. The years refer to are oil year which is counted from October to September. Small-scale processing of coconut processed products like coconut vinegar, coconut oil, coco coir, and coco-charcoal is done at the village/community/barrio level through small coconut farmers organizations (SCFOs) or cooperatives to a limited extent. Beyond Charts+ offers sophisticated Investors with advanced tools. The major stages of copra production are storage and seasoning, It's why over 500 customers in 65 countries depend on us to solve their processing challenges, big or small. The coconut industry has a continuous growing share in the exports of agricultural commodities. endobj Coconut trees are grown in tropical countries mainly for the There is some uptick in production between 3.4 and 3.6 million MT per year in the last few years. The wholesalers of coconut and coconut by-products as well as of grains dominated the small wholesalers. (See Table During this year, the estimated domestic consumption was 5,084 million nuts and 0.77 MMT for copra equivalents. August/September is the right planting time in Kerala. It is notable that the decline of production starting year 2013 is affected by the strong typhoon in the country that destroyed most of the coconut trees (UCAP). Its fruit matures within 12 months. The country produces 15 types of coconut products, namely fresh coconut, copra, coconut oil, copra cake, desiccated coconut, coconut shell, shell charcoal, shell flour, coconut husk, mattress coir fiber, coir bristle, coir dusts and shots, whole nuts, husked coconuts, and coconut water. The coconut husks are processed into other industrial products. Primary coconut products and by-products in the Philippines. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Overview and Constraints of the Coconut Supply Chain in the Philippines, a Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, a Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand;b Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana, c Department of Development and Sustainability, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, Growth and production of coconut. The plantation time is not always general. /Im0 254 0 R Virgin coconut oil is gaining popularity worldwide. << WebCopra meal (<33 percent), soybean oil cake (<35 percent), corn gluten meal (<20 percent), wheat gluten meal (<5 percent), cow pea (<15 percent), Semi-intensive systems normally stock over 8 000 fish per hectare. Pruning tools are used to remove unnecessary branches from the tree. 0000008863 00000 n The area of production devoted to coconut in the Philippines is concentrated in Mindanao island, specifically at Davao Region, Northern Mindanao, and Zamboanga Peninsula. /MediaBox [ 0 0 614.4 798.72 ] New era for the coconut sector. The palm prefers less diurnal variation between day and night but does not tolerate extreme temperatures. The remaining 289 million trees will produce the industrys raw materials. HDP gives better utilization of solar radiation and increases in bearing surface per unit land area. The age of the plant must be 25 to 40 years. The major diseases of Coconut trees include the following; Coconut is susceptible to various diseases like Gray Leave Blight, Lethal Bole Rot, Stem Bleeding Disease, Bud Rot, Leaf rot, Root (wilt) disease, Mahali, Thanjavur wilt, Crown chocking, Grey Leaf Spot, Leaf blight, and Lethal Yellowing diseases. For as long as there are people alive, edible oil will continue to be in Sunflower crop is cultivated in many countries across the world, especially in Europe. Coconut-based high density multispecies cropping system with Cocoa, Banana, Elephant Foot Yam, and Heliconia crops has been established with high net profit. However, such yields are exceptional. After Cashewnut Shell Liquid is obtained through various methods and needs to undergo a purification process to remove sulphuric compounds and other impurities. /Length 6532 It tolerates salinity and a wide range of pH. The The users of copra are the various types of processors such as oil millers, coco-chemicals producers and exporters, and copra exporters. Husked coconuts are the whole fruit sold as nuts that has not undergone primary processing. In high density utilize the maximum unit area. 3099067 Oil content of the cake varies between 0.5% (solvent extracted) and 17%-(traditional methods). %PDF-1.4 of more environmentally benign products and systems, which may help to mitigate The Coconut palm is propagated by seeds. endobj Continuous expanding production of brown fibre reached 216 000 It is essential for applying manure first planting season to achieve high productivity. production (again, mainly in India) has remained stable at 125 000 million tonnes around 1980 to almost 50 million tonnes today. Table 5. Tamil Nadu Planting the seedlings during June July, December January. Japan - Oil, coconut (copra) - Production Statistics - Crops, Crops Processed - Knoema Data Appliance Generally, Coconut is grown in more than 93 countries of the world, and India, Indonesia; the Philippines are the major Coconut producing countries of the world. Multi-Tier System in High Density Coconut Planting would help the planter in increasing profit. endobj Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The advantage of the tall variety is that the productivity of the tree lasts within 80120years and still produces good-quality copra, oil, and other products. Numerous studies have shown that prices of agricultural commodities are increasing, and the adjustments of these prices to business environmental factors are non-linear in nature (e.g., Hassouneh et al., Citation2015). This study provides the following recommendations based on the overview and constraints of the coconut industry presented in this paper. produces of the order 300 kg of charcoal, which can be converted into 120 kg of The processors are categorized into three: (1) processor 1: oil miller, (2) processor 2: oil refinery, and (3) processor 3: for non-edible oil. This study is not without limitations. Which state produces a large number of Coconuts in India? The plant density for these trees is 75 to 150 trees per hectare and each tree yields about 40 fruits per year. Renewable raw materials such as plant fibres and products, therefore, may have Coconut (Cocosnucifera) plays an important role in the agrarian economy of India and the Coconut tree belongs to the palm family. The rest are in industrial plantation inherited from colonial era planted in monoculture. Both the grades are treaded internationally. The kernel industry utilizes the coconut meat or flesh. Exporting commodity rice is unlikely given developments in rice-exporting countries. The oil millers by-products can be processed by the coco-chemicals producers and exporters. Self-pollination in the dwarf palm results from selection under cultivation and is easily cross-pollinated, especially when surrounded by tall palms (Adkins et al., Citation2011). Good potential for the value-added agriproducts is threatened by the poor response of the government. x]ouDZDBfr)_K%*N\I8M@~j R t^g@}y~_nK? Then, the remaining 10% seeds are discarded, failing to germinate due to the pathogenic infection of the seed interior caused by the fracture of the shell, after sprouting in the first 3 months of planting. The coconut industrys products and by-products are presented in Table 1 following Javier (Citation2015) and Nayar (Citation2017a, Citation2017b). To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? The market structure of the coconut industry is an important element in trading. The farmer produces and processes the nuts into copra which he sells to the town trader at quoted price per kg. The products produced from the meat are cake, fresh coconut, coconut oil, copra, and desiccated coconut. If irrigation facilities are obtainable, it is advisable to take up planting at least a month before the onset of the monsoon. On a commercial basis, the cultivation of Coconut trees is profitable and a source of sustainable income. /Decode [ 0 1 ] TABLE 5: WORLD SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPRA MEAL (million MT). It generates less than a ]dXI]\{oQ ^%ij)A,;[w]@d0ASCAaP,FAShGD!`b?Q.X&A 4Pj)p!+(5r]lA0;>t+[BM^_Z,uObJI"GP}+t}[X'-R [I W9B>'~q'_oK?^Z^_7-n/Z[L5j6&)bkIUqz/ However, coconut oil is the major export product of the country followed by cake and desiccatedcoconut over the period of 20082013 (Figure 1). This is different from other fruits because it contains a clear liquid in the endosperm and is generally called Coconut milk. +91 22 6699 0123, #7, Mira Co-operative Industrial Area, WEH, Mira Road E, The final product (cooking oil) is then sold to the consumer at different price either it is the unbranded or branded CNO. While there are some large plantations with integrated operations, copra remains primarily a smallholder crop. In former years copra was collected by traders going from island to island and port to port in the Pacific Ocean but South Pacific production is now much diminished, with the exception of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Furthermore, high assembly costs due to poor farm-to-market roads and small-scale farms and multi-layered marketing channels contributed to the inefficiency of the supply chain. /DecodeParms << /K -1 /Columns 2560 >> Global annual production of coconut oil has remained almost steady between 3.2 and 3.6 million MT. Ad%!&A About 35 to 45% of the fruit is husk and the percentage available for coir extraction declines with maturity. Figure 4 illustrates the market channel of copra. The town trader may also process the nuts bought from the farmer into copra which is also sold to the oil miller. Laccadive Ordinary, Laccadive Micro, TipturTall, Kappadam, Komadam, and Andaman Ordinary are some of the tall varieties grown in the country. For an adult Coconut palm, 1 kg dolomite or 1 kg lime + 0.5 kg MgSO4 is required per annum. Second, policies and interventions should be fine-tuned to the demands of the industry so that producers and manufacturers are able to take fair advantage of the opportunities and produce the volume and quality required by the domestic and international markets. The major markets of coconut oil are theNetherlands (40.42%) and the United States of America (40.18%), while the remaining 20% are exported to Japan, Malaysia, Italy, and other countries (Table 7). These varieties can be divided into two types. Most importantly the tree must be disease-free. This material consists mainly of sterols, tocopherols, squalene, pigments and odour compounds (such as lactones). In India, Coconut finds significance in religion and culture and is commonly used for various rituals. The shares of livestock, poultry, and fisheries contributeto approximately half of the total value of production in agriculture (JICA, Citation2013) (Table 3). Webcopra, this is average annual yield of 1.78 t/ha achievable by CSA over the unfertilized trees. Coconut farmers are suffering due to low farm productivity and unstable and poorly developed markets for copra and coconut oil (Dy and Reyes, Citation2006; Israel and Briones, Citation2014). In 2014, the area under coconut production was approximately 3.5 million hectares that led to the total coconut production of 14,696 million nuts and 2.217 Million Metric Tons (MMT) in copra equivalent. I want to cultivate 4.5 acres of my land (Near Hosdurga Taluk, Chitradurga district ) with High density coconut plants. Earth auger helps to make a hole for planting. Refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) oil, Volume and value (000 MT, FOB in million US$). >> There are instances where some middlemen act as intermediaries between the farmer and processor. Figure 1. 0000008740 00000 n Leaf scars should be closely spaced and the trunk of the tree must be stout. /O 251 (included short fibres) can be estimated to range between 5 and 6 million tonnes HDP crops are precocious, easily manageable, and fetch higher returns per unit area. High density planting reduces labor cost resulting in low cost of production. << Proper moisture supply through well-distributed irrigation is essential for Coconut plantation. The price margins influence the decisions of private enterprises and government and the government regulations on agricultural distribution services (Timmer, Citation1987). The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) categorizes the market price of copra in the domestic market into two types: (1) millgate price (i.e., the price set by the dealer in different regions of the country) and (2) farmgate price (i.e., the price at which the copra is bought from the millers/processors). J"A0? E'0CD=C 0m0_A @0 & 5!4 ~tat7MT~i:AwI:M+mt'I[&m&_w+i=7I^VM'WWWrKotx+ooO{Wumo~oo^o]u~oOm_t;!={}}l ^m[}EYVd6_m&,?m+KVII{ImIVp/$M]Uwl$H6m/AM /a Anu", & p!11Aqtn)t AW` anAl\`K[.9@:7^[/8 8Np=~Nitb]?/. About 80% of the global production of copra is contributed by the South East Asian region. A producer price is the average price or unit value received by farmers in the domestic market for a specific agricultural commodity produced within a specified 12-month period. There are 340 million coconut trees occupying the 3.502 million hectares of the Philippines arable land. TABLE 4: GLOBAL SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COCONUT OIL (million MT). In 2016, 60.30% of coconut was produced from Mindanao (Philippine Statistics Authority, Citation2018). Induces precocity, increases crop yield, and improves Coconut quality. Seed nuts are soaked for 24 to 36 hours before sowing. The industry in the Philippines shows strong interrelationships among the composition of three sectors: production, trading, and processing. Webof producing coconut for copra. Multi-Tier System is a planting of growing crops together example is Coconut + pepper + pineapple + grass. For 82 years, Kumar has been delivering dependable process engineering solutions to the oils and fats industry. According to Agustin (Citation2005) and Faustino (Citation2006), exports of coconuts account for 80% of production and 20% are processed and consumed domestically. High density Coconut planting means to increase the plantation of the same species of plants per unit area without affecting the quality of fruits. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. These are the (1) farmer-producer, (2) trader, (3) processer, (4) warehouse and distribution, (5) wholesaler and retailer, and(6) consumer. Most diseases can be prevented through well-drained soil and avoidance of damage to tree trunks, particularly during transplanting. The Philippines is the highest exporter of coconut oil and copra cake in the world. Firstly, seedlings can be transplanted at the beginning of the south-west monsoon. The PCA program is lack of support and the century-old dependency of COCOFUND levy resolution. /ColorSpace /DeviceGray Growing Coconut as monocrop is not an efficient way of using natural resources. Thane 401104, t: +91 22 2845 8300 It follows 0000008989 00000 n The major importers of coconut from the Philippines are the United States of America, theNetherlands, Japan, Germany, and China (Ap, Citation2015). region to region (3 500 to 6 000 nuts/ha/year), which is due to a number of To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. It must be a high yielding variety producing a minimum of about 100 nuts a year. stream Reduction of weed through allelopathy and covering crop. ThePhilippines' major coconut products exported in the raw state are kernel, shell, and husk. The dwarf or short variety produces fruits within 45 years after planting. Soil pH level should be between 5 and 8 for optimal growth of Coconut trees and high yield. the coconut, could be utilized more efficiently. /E 11178 During the germination process, the Coconut haustorium starts to develop. We use cookies to improve your website experience. The farmer is the one who produces and does the primary processing of nuts into copra. particular, are found along the coastal regions in the wet tropical areas of The coconut export value in 2014 was US$1,828 million with a total export revenue of US$50,913 million (Asian and Pacific Coconut Community, Citation2018; Philippine Coconut Authority, Citation2018). price and on a scale where quality and supply can be guaranteed3 Coconuts rather its fresh white meat or kernel are commonly used in food preparations. The driver for all Investors is the continuous search for investment opportunities. for peat moss in horticultural substrate cultivation. ?O_//uuY2qVg?njSga'w}7k?M3x?_ont3@?g n0uG.as}oy5aoqwC7zr7ty_~Yua5~e=4|9n??i]g'ty7: c\u'i f P> -1a'qy0#-df3QIT[v:Na'3ZObG52 K This paper provides an overview of the coconut supply chain in the Philippines including coconut production, export markets, and supply chain structure, as well as analysis of constraints to increased agricultural production. Source publication Assessment Enables the mechanization of fruit crop production. Its also important to note that there must be no water retention and proper drainage of water should be maintained. 0000000017 00000 n Coconut production in the Philippines in 20012015. Copra meals obtained by other methods contain residual oil within this range. Source: Javier (Citation2015), Nayar (Citation2017a, Citation2017b). If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. WebMean annual nut yield, husked nut weight and copra yieldof the different densities. WebCopra yield in Papua NewGuinea is estimated at 0.6 tonnes per hectare per year. Nevertheless, it does not provide a detailedempirical analysis of the value chains and the factors influencing exports of coconut products in the Philippines. The coconut produces a variety of products like fresh green and dry nuts, copra, coconut water and coconut oil, etc., which are consumed in the region as well as exported to other regions. Occasionally mealybug, rat, and slug also become troublesome. The average domestic wholesale price of coconut copra in the Philippines amounted to around 28 Philippine pesos per kilogram in 2021, reflecting an increase of 12 market for cocos producing areas. For horticultural use, the product has to meet Use drip irrigation method and apply seawater if available. It makes maximum use of land to achieve high crop yields in early periods of orchard life along with ease in its management. Micronutrients by 2 kg/palm once a year should be applied to avoid any micro-nutrient disorders. Major Philippine exports and destination countries, 2016. WebUNESCO EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS SOILS, PLANT GROWTH AND CROP PRODUCTION - Vo.III - Growth and Production of Cacao - Hermann A. Jrgen Pohlan, Valentn Daz Prez Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) Theobroma cacao is commonly characterized by three main cacao cultivars: Criollo, Forastero and Trinitario.It is one of the
