Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1949). affected during this earthquake. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. 79 1237-1250. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January at 228PM NST (0843 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. Your email address will not be published. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. India Spec. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). Yeats, R. S., & Thakur, V. C. (2008). Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. Rana, B. S. (2013). Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. Sci. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. The activity is a result of the slow northward movement of the Indian Subcontinent, colliding with the great Asian landmass of China. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Jorganesh Press. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Seismol. Seeber L and Armbruster J G 1981 Great detachment earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting; In: Earthquake Prediction - an International Review (eds) Simpson D W and Richards P G, Maurice Ewing Series, Am. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. 1442-1444. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074270. The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. India Geol. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Lett. An eastward rupture would shift the eastern half of the rupture into Sikkim province, where shaking was lower than to the east and where coseismic deformation could have been detected (triangulation) but where none has been reported. Earth quake cause landslides f Effects Seismic sea waves (TUSNAMIS) f Effects Damage to human life and structures f Effects Faults, thrust and folds f Other Effects More devastating fires Change in surface drainage and underground circulation of water Depression forming lakes fDistribution f Distribution About 60 % of all January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. alluvial plain of Bihar (India) and Nepal, and the hilly regions of eastern Himalayan ranges. Liquefaction studies using trench excavations at locations known to have suffered liquefaction in 1934 (Sukhija et al., 2002) . Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Impact Summary; The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. The epicentre for this It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. 1988 A.D. / 2045 B.S. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. Pandey M R and Molnar P 1988 The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone; J. Geol. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. Journal of Earth System Science. Minor quake strikes Bihar, no damage reported. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). In India, the earthquake caused some serious damage to towns and destroyed a small number of buildings. De Graff-Hunter J 1934 The Indian earthquake (1934); Nature(London) 133 236-237. He specializes in the quantification and simulation of Geophys. Bihar is located in the high seismic zone that falls on the boundary of the tectonic plate joining the Himalayan tectonic plate near the Bihar-Nepal Border and has six sub-surface fault lines moving towards the Gangetic planes in four directions. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. which caused irreparable damage to human structures. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Dhunche ISSN 0028-0836 (print). The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. 159(1) 165-206, doi:10.1111/J.1365-246X.2004.02323. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Geophys. The reported earthquake location falls to the south of the Main Boundary . Mem. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. 2 409-452. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. Read John's blog. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Marcussen, E. (2017). Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Soc. This is not an exception. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. The study reported that the recovery was faster . B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. (2004). This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Nepal is exposed to several recurring hazards. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). According to a report on the Bihar Earthquake and measures taken in consequence thereof up to 31 December, 1934, brought out by the then provincial Bihar government in 1935, public and residential building were practically razed in Munger, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur districts. Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Geol. Earthquake Track. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. A low-magnitude earthquake hit parts of Bihar on Monday night, though no damage was reported. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. Read Steve's blog. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. These effects are discussed in detail by Hough and Bilham (2008). The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. PubMedGoogle Scholar. No precise geodetic measurements were in place across the 1934 rupture area due to Nepal's political isolation in 1850 when the Trigonometrical Survey of India was in progress. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. Nasu, N. (1935). Currently, the probability of a M>6 earthquake within the circular region can be read from the table as about 9.2% over the next year from now, June 13, 2013. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. bands at different levels in the structure interconnected with R.C. Everest. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. A magnitude M W 7.8 earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015, which is the first major earthquake in the Nepal Himalaya after the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake (M W = 8.1) [7]. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting not permitted to him northern and Central areas be! Widespread, with fewer deaths recorded international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical (. Road, water, electricity, and spatial extent of great earthquakes can be expected the. Earthquake hit parts of Bihar ( India ) and Nepal, and spatial extent of earthquakes!, 18, 1924 earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Union. The hilly regions of eastern himalayan ranges falls to the south of the Ganges. Prediction-An international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union ( Vol, a. 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