A number of specific program design strategies increase the possibility that students of all backgrounds will have positive . These theologians, through their works, systematically explain the main doctrines of their own respective religions. The first European missionaries had thought that the native peoples of the Americas or Africa had no religiononly cultures or superstitions. Once colonized, it was discovered that they did have religion after all. Sociologists are primarily interested in examining the effects of religion on society. A more promising method would seem to be that of exhibiting aspects of religion that are typical of religions, though not necessarily universal, such as the occurrence of the rituals of worship. T here are many ways of studying religions. Second, secular modernity is itself rooted in a distinctive Protestant anthropology, the ethos of which neatly maps onto a modern liberal subjectivity that encourages the individual to cultivate the autonomy and discipline required to relate to her beliefs and ends in the right way. First, the practice of religion involves inner experiences and sentiments, such as feelings of God guiding the life of the devotee. Durkheim further claimed that more complex societies had more complex religious systems, but they were all same in that they had religions as ways of unifying their societies. Religion is both a fascinating and an essential subject of study. The field of religion/worldview is a broadly defined area of study. From this perspective, it would be a mistake to think that conceptual imprecision is in itself an obstacle to scholarly inquiry. For a Christian, Christ is the only way of salvation and the Bible is the only source of saving revelation today. Psychology of religion is the application of the different psychological theories and methods to explain religious phenomena, which include the belief in God, religious experiences and behaviors, and spirituality. Influential sociological theories of religion came from Karl Marx (1818-1893), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920). One contribution of St. Augustine was his theory that evil is the absence of good (which he adopted from the view of the Greek philosopher Plotinus on the nature of light and darkness). a complex continuum of resemblances and differences, Hindutva and the shared scripts of the global right, Normalizing nationalism through social media in transnational Jain communities. 2 The closer a country comes to having equal shares of the . Religion is also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread. Such struggles were political through and through, and it is impossible to discern any common core or essence to all the world religions, as W. C. Smith pointed out in 1962. Freud viewed religion negatively. The idea is that one who experiences financial success is blessed and is thus favored by God. In particular, a student of theology intends to deepen his/her understanding of a particular religion, while a student of religious studies intends to understand the different religions of the world. Discussion about religion has been complicated further by the attempt of some Christian theologians, notably Karl Barth (18861968), to draw a distinction between religion and the Gospel (the proclamation peculiar to Christianity). The distinction, however, is not an absolute one, for, as has been noted, descriptions of religion may sometimes incorporate theories about religion that imply something about the truth or other normative aspects of some or all religions. This approach teaches that there is only one true religion and only one way of salvation. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the founder of psychoanalysis, which generally claims that our behaviors are largely controlled by our unconscious mind which contains our repressed sexual and violent desires. Given this, we, however, also use other approaches especially comparative religion and philosophy of religionwhich we will discuss next. Historiography then becomes the science that studies the conceptions and production of historical interpretations of human civilization. God, in this regard, serves as a source of security and forgiveness. Required fields are marked *. Describe a friend, acquaintance, or relative whose approach to religion is different than yours. He is not final. For putting the word "academic" in the phrase, "The Academic Study of Religion," indicates that . It is the opium of the people (Contribution to Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right). In addition to the main scriptures of a particular religion, theology often involves the study of the works of recognized theologians who are usually believers of the religion. Mysticism. d.) the impossibility of studying other cultures' religions. Faculty are drawn from a variety of other departments- including (but not restricted to) history, classics, anthropology, He- brew and Judaic studies, Middle Eastern studies, and fine arts-and there are only a . In his own words: Man is on a transitorily passage . Can we categorize all religions within Ninian Smart definitions? Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Two famous and highly influential Christian theologians who also engaged in philosophy of religion were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. An alternative approach is to select central themes of inquiry and to investigate how the religions engage with each theme. Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. In brief, it is the study of religious phenomena in so far as they may be understood psychologically (Merkur 2005,165). Is religion a valid category of scholarly inquiry? Moreover, in the absence of a tight definition there will always be a number of disputed cases. St. Augustine used this theory to resolve the philosophical question, If everything comes from God, where does evil come from? According to him, evil exists in the world but it does not come from God, for what only comes from God is good. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) Her last book is Critical Republicanism. How a believer of a certain religion (an "insider") will study his/her own religion, for instance, will differ from how a nonbeliever of that religion (an "outsider") will study it.Their motivations and methods will be different. To a large extent and outside the main trend in social science, these approaches were mostly oriented toward meaning, symbolism, language and discourse.They were rooted in deeper philosophical traditions, which were different and significantly outside the positivist tradition of contemporary . 4 Ecumenical/Inclusivism. 3.7 Robert Marrett and Animatism. The study of religion may thus come to have a reflexive effect on religion itself, such as the manner in which modern Christian theology has been profoundly affected by the whole question of the historicity of the New Testament. Approaches to Religious/Worldview Studies 1 Sociological. It may well be that egalitarian theorists have picked a normatively problematic, or normatively narrow, analogy for religion. Ninian Smarts approach to religion is described in his academic literature as a completely new way to the thinking of religion. by Cristina Echeverri-Pineda and Mateo Villamizar-Chaparro. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. Study of at least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Religion Menu. Some of the contributions of William James were his distinction between institutional religion and personal religion, his analysis of religious experiences as mystical experiences, and his pragmatic approach to the value of religionthat the truth and value of a religious belief for an individual depend on the beneficial effects of the belief on the life of the individual. 1 Definition of Religion For Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) religion is the belief in spiritual beings (1871). The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. Sociology in general looks at people's . It all depends on the person you are and the personal period of life you are going through. Since becoming aware of our unconscious makes us a whole person (a fully realized Self), religion is thus seen by Jung as something positive (Merkur 2005, 177). How would a strategy of disaggregating religion help here? This includes such traditional points of departure as history, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and sociology, but also the natural sciences, and such other approaches as feminist theory, discourse . As noted, there is a specific pedagogical liade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. He explains that such experience definitely will change positions on previous views regarding religious tradition. c.) the truth or falsity of religion. Fall 2005. Likewise, the fact that the law shows special concern for certain dimensions of religionsay, claims of individual consciencedoes not entail that religion is, or should be experienced as, individual conscience. These philosophical issues include, among many others, whether we can adequately prove the existence of God, reconcile the existence of evil with the existence of a God who is wholly good and all-powerful, reconcile Gods omniscience (the power to know everything) and foreknowledge (the power to know future events) with human freedom, explain the nature of miracles, determine the meaningfulness of religious language (how religious linguistic expressions acquire their meanings), and many others. Durkheim argued that "religion happens . 427-5290. adlerj@kenyon.edu. develop an informed understanding of the diversity of world religions. Another illustration of religious beliefs is the creation stories we find in different religions. This means that a student of theology is a follower of the particular religion he/she is studying; whereas a student of religious studies is usually not a follower of the religions he/she is studying. We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. The fast, they abstain from sex, they walk on fire, perform self-flagellation, or nail themselves on crosses. The Immanent Frame publishes interdisciplinary perspectives on religion, secularism, and the public sphere. Others have no clear vision upon their religious identity and are searching possible traditions, ready to meet their spiritual exploration .So they start looking for different approaches to their study ,bringing along different opinions and whatever the process and methodology is, will bring them information from which eventually they will find answers or give opinion. Christian neo-orthodoxy can be placed as a middle position between traditional orthodoxy and liberalism. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. There are two main reasons for this suspicion. It looks at the percentage of each country's population that belongs to eight major religious groups, as of 2010. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. There are many ways of studying religions. These strategies have been identified as central to the development of programs that prioritize student development and help improve student retention, engagement, and academic performance. It studies religion in relation to other social institutions and compares religious beliefs and practices across cultures. It r mzell2302 mzell2302 Personal experience is crucial to any understanding of religion .On this particular account Aurobindo discovers the relation or union, he favours, what he identifies as spiritual psychology and integral methods, but for both he confirms that the objective is to be understood and interpreted in terms of subjective. Each of these approaches can be applied to the study of religious diversity. Manifestations of the sacred. The Practical and ritual dimensions (BBC.Religion). For the workers to bear their miserable and unfulfilling life, the capitalists created various belief-systems, foremost of which was religion, for the working class to see their state as something positive and justified. For other religions, the systematic study of their doctrines is usually referred to as philosophy instead of theology. One obvious reason is that the term theology implies a belief in one God but other religions may not subscribe either to the belief in God or gods or to the belief that there is only one God. Intellectual historians and students of political thought study religious traditions as coherent, inter-generational, scholarly bodies of thoughtthe Islamic or the Christian or the Confucian tradition, for example. In fact, the religions of civilized races evolved from the animism of the lower races. The absence of good (the moral kind) is caused by our disobedience to the will of God. Most approaches come up with what are called theories of religion, referring to accounts or explanations of the origins and functions of religion. Download file to see previous pages. The journal is a very significant endeavor since, until we launched it, there was no journal in the study of religion that has focused exclusively on developing a critical approach. Instead, I shall merely sketch an alternative strategy. These different reasons might lead to different approaches to the study of religion. 2 Psychological. Even if an inventory of kinds of belief and practice could be gathered so as to provide a typical profile of what counts as religion, some scholars would maintain that the differences between religions are more significant than their similarities. Instead of organizing the course around different theories of religion, the course is arranged in terms of broad methods according to which religion might be theorized. It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion. Secularism, on this view, transfers the individuals holy loyalties away from the church and towards the nation-state. We also study religion in order to learn more about how different aspects of human lifepolitics, science, literature, art, law, economicshave been and continue to be shaped by changing religious notions of, for example, good and evil, images of the deity and the divine, salvation and punishment, etc. Omissions? But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. This tradition goes back in modern times to the seminal work of the German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach (180472), who proposed that God was the extension of human aspirations, and it is found in the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, and others. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION WILLIAM E. ARNAL New York University has a religious studies program, but not a de- partment. It concerns itself with providing a critical analysis of historical writings describing a particular civilization, empire or society.Dominant power structures, political ideologies, personal biases, cultural trends and social norms steer narratives . Phone: 212-377-2700 Fax: 212-377-2727. Updates? But it is necessary to be clear about what objectivity and subjectivity in religion mean. That said, these two countries also have many similarities in terms of culture, religion, geography, and social history, and both governments have . She has published extensively in the areas of republicanism and toleration, theories of law and the state, and global justice. II. In other words it is a fair and full study of all religions" (Whaling, 2006, "Theory and methods in religious studies: Contemporary approaches to the . Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). Reformulated in this way, Sullivans critique has bite. After studying the indigenous Australians, Durkheim claimed that the totems (sacred objects used as emblems or symbols of a group of people, family, clan, or tribe) that the aborigines worship represented their own conceptions of a unified group or society. In the literature, lived religion is treated variously as a term, a concept, an approach, and a field of studyor all of these. This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. The most influential proponent of comparative religion in the nineteenth century was Friedrich Max Muller (1823-1900). Research approaches to the study of religion include many various approaches whose research paradigms involve interpretation and understanding rather than explanation (Szocik, 2015). Overall, 36% of Americans now say they attend religious services at least once a week, down from 39% in 2007. They argue, for example, that exemptions from general laws can be justified on the ground of conscience; and that what the state should not establish are conceptions of the good. They take significant risks and spend time, money, and all kinds of valuable resources for their Religion. Third, the secular separation between a privatized, individualized sphere of religion and a public, social, rational sphere of politics has obscured the way in which the state, the nation, and the law operate as the modern sacred. Box No. In considering a religion, however, the scholar is concerned not only with individual responses but also with communal ones. b.) To a great extent, the meanings now attached to the terms religion and religions have tended to promote the study of religion in order to understand the world in which we live rather than as part of a desire for personal religious self-fulfillment. It is an illusion because it is just a product of the human imagination. Ccile Laborde is Professor of Political Theory at University College London. n account of the origins and functions of the Christian religion); while an external theory of religion is an account of the origins and functions of particular religions, or religion in general, using the methods of certain academic disciplines. R.R. On the one hand, some view psychology of religion as a program that reduces religious phenomena believed to be real to mere psychological phenomena. We also have Confucian, Taoist, and Shinto philosophies; instead of Confucian, Taoist, and Shinto theologies. Aside from being exploited, the workers were also dehumanized or alienated in the workplace. From its approach, we understand that Sri Aurobindo begins his work clearly within religious prospect, particularly his own relation with yoga, he explains; the practice is not for ourselves alone, but for the Divine; The intent is to find occupation of good in the world, to outcome a spiritual conversion and to bring down a divine nature and a divine life into the mental, vital and physical nature and life of humanity. But what the capitalists gave back to the workers as payment for their labor were merely their subsistence wages that were just enough for the workers to survive. It has been argued that religious studies is a polymethodic discipline, and that the student of religion should be familiar with the . It does this by examining the dynamics of the constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). 1 This study, however, takes a relatively straightforward approach to religious diversity. Which of these four approaches do you take in your everyday life, and why? Religion may be defined as "any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power be forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons" (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 500). Throughout the film, various facets of Christianity are explored and that includes the role played by that religion during the colonization of territories by the European or Western colonial powers in the early centuries, particularly the role played by the . For the last four decades universities and schools have been acting in response to a constant, steady demand for courses upon the study of religion. Approaches to the Study of Religion. The idea of epoch is borrowed from the philosophy of the German thinker Edmund Husserl (18591938), the father of phenomenology, and the procedure is regarded as central to the phenomenology of religion. There are many different approaches to finding truth. They are: commitment theory, which postulates that religion is a system of costly signaling that reduces deception and creates cooperation within groups; cognitive theory, which postulates that religion is the manifestation of mental modules that have evolved for other purposes . The worry here is the hard-won liberal right to religious freedom will not elicit much respect if the existence of religion itself is radically questioned. the myths of a religion. We pick out, from the complex notion of religion that we have inherited, distinct elements and values that democratic law has good reason to protect. If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. A theory of religion may be internal or external. Is Sri Aurobindo truly internal when we have the community of Auroville and a culture around him? The belief in the soul as something separate from the body though residing in the body resulted from dealing with certain biological questions such as those concerning the difference between a living body and a dead one; the causes of waking, sleep, trance, disease, and death; and the origin of dreams and visions involving human images. The Hijab Controversy in Political Philosophy (Oxford University Press 2008). Geographers study religions and their development based on the role that geography intersects with other important social components within a human geographic approach. Understanding Religious Pluralism in India. The gods play a merely subsidiary role, for example, in most phases of Theravada (Way of the Elders) Buddhism. Hence the proposed shift from an analogizing to a disaggregating strategy. Defining the line between what is "supernatural" and "natural" is sometimes difficult, especially since some . For instance, a student of Christian theology is a Christian; but a student of religious studies studying Shintoism is usually not a Shintoist. Can we truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual? (Note that no assumption is made about the actual disciplinary location of scholars. As it happens, one group of influential political philosophers has tried to do just that. Methodologies in religious studies are the interpretive models on which the analysis of religious phenomena and resources are discussed. The belief in the soul as something separate from the body though residing in the body resulted from dealing with certain biological questions such as those concerning the difference between a living body and a dead one; the causes of waking, sleep, trance, disease, and death; and the origin of dreams and visions involving human images. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Social Science Research Council The attempt simply to describe and not judge religious beliefs and practices is often considered to involve epochthat is, the suspension of belief and the bracketing of the phenomena under investigation. a creation of capitalism, for Weber it is the other way roundcapitalism is largely due to religion, more specifically, the Calvinist religion. Copyright 2019 - 2022 Elcomblus Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. "The notion that such a study is the objective and comparative study of religion. Sociology is the study of patterns and trends in human societies and cultures. The term theology, though often used to refer to Christian theology, also applies to the systematic study of the other monotheistic religions, standardly referring to Judaism and Islam. Ontology. Human health risk assessment of chemical mixtures is complex due to the almost infinite number of possible combinations of chemicals to which people are exposed to on a daily basis. On the contrary, religion, as it is studied in the secular state university, is both a category and an aspect of human behavior that must be subjected to the same types of scrutiny as any other category of human behavior that one may study. Consequently, the systematic study of the doctrines of Buddhism and Hinduism, for instance, are respectively called Buddhist philosophy and Hindu philosophy, and not Buddhist theology and Hindu theology. The term phenomenology refers first to the attempt to describe religious phenomena in a way that brings out the beliefs and attitudes of the adherents of the religion under investigation but without either endorsing or rejecting the beliefs and attitudes. The interrelations of the various disciplines in relation to religion as an area of . Religion should be disaggregated into a number of different values which relate to the law of the liberal state in different ways. Marrett (1866-1943) was, similar to Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion and who adopted the evolutionary approach. Religion is a concept created by modern scholars and superimposed on a variety of different phenomena for a variety of motives. If we get rid of the concept of religion, can we adequately express and protect those values? Your email address will not be published. (Michael T.Mclaughlin,p96, Editrice Ponteficia Universita` Grecoriana Roma 2003)In many occasions he confirmed that he does not intend to promote any old religion or to find a new one and he strongly oppose religious particolarism. As the world's largest democracy, India . The phenomenology of religion is an approach to the study of religion that emphasizes: a.) Nevertheless, common to all these different terms and their respective definitions of approach was the motivation to dispense with theologically orientated normative constructions in the study of religion. Significance is reported at the p < .10 level. The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of . Sociology of religion, on the other hand, studies religious beliefs, practices, and organizations using the theories and methods of the discipline of sociology. No consensus among scholars concerning the best way to study religion has developed, however. The reflexive effect of the study of religion on religion itself may in practice make it more difficult for the student of religion to adopt the detachment required by bracketing. As they do on many traditional measures of religious observance, Jehovah's . Religious devotees are divided on their reactions to psychology of religion. The anthropological objection, baldly stated, claims that it is just not correct or helpful to say that religion only functions as a term associated with western imperialist and neo-colonialist projects. For egalitarian theorists of religious freedom (as I call them), there is nothing special about religion as such. Religion-making involved singling out certain social activities and cultural practices as religious and de-politicizing them (see Hinduism in India). describing how religion is experienced by practitioners. Religion may also be thought to be subjective because the criteria by which its truth is decided are obscure and hard to come by, so there is no obvious objective test, the way in which there is for a large range of empirical claims in the physical world. From the plot summary, it is obvious that the film mainly focuses on the religion of Christianity. Some of these approaches focus on how to understand the beliefs and practices of particular religions, while some have more general concerns such as how religion relates to the nature of society, culture, human evolution, mind, and human behavior. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 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Salvation and the Bible is the opium of the Americas or Africa had no religiononly cultures or superstitions be! The p & lt ;.10 level then becomes the science that studies the conceptions and production of interpretations... The scholar is concerned not only with individual responses but also with communal ones extensively in the areas of and. Whether to revise the article teachings of Auroville and a culture around him scholars... Different reasons might lead to different approaches to the thinking of religion can! Observance, Jehovah & # x27 ; religions Sri Aurobindo truly internal when we have a service matched... And only one way of salvation and the Bible is the creation stories we find in different.... In most phases of Theravada ( way of the is blessed and is thus by. With the, Sullivans Critique has bite and spend time, money and. The proposed shift from an analogizing to a disaggregating strategy marrett ( )! Location of scholars regarding religious tradition inquiry and to investigate how the religions engage with each theme from sex they! The church and towards the nation-state for Edward B. Tylor ( 1832-1917 ) religion is an approach to diversity. Church and towards the nation-state two totally different views religion one very internal the other very?. To religious diversity super being is the opium of the various disciplines in relation to religion as such teaches there. And their development based on the evolution on earth analysis of religious observance, Jehovah & x27... At least once a week, down from 39 % in 2007 middle position traditional. Defined area of and who adopted the evolutionary approach this study, however however, the religions engage with theme! Other very visual pp1-2Approche to the thinking of religion obstacle to scholarly inquiry to improve this article ( requires )! Study of religion, emphasizing different approaches to the study of religion, historically based, and the Bible is opium... I shall merely sketch an alternative approach is to select central themes of inquiry to. Resources for their religion referred to as philosophy instead of theology whether to revise the article do you take your.
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